Lodging

Lodging is the state of permanent displacement of cereal stems from their upright position (Pinthus, 1973). There are two possible points of failure in the plant's structure, the stem and the root. The stem may fail due to bending or buckling of the lower stem internodes. Roots lodging results from a failure in root-soil integrity so that straight, unbroken culms lean or fall from the crown. Lodging in cereals occurs during the two or three month preceding harvest and can drastically reduce profitability through reduced yield, delayed harvest, increased grain drying costs and reduced grain quality.

Lodging risk appears to be strongly influenced by different factors as, weather, cultivar type, and husbandry factors including sowing date, seed rate, drilling depth and rate of nitrogen application. Although the interaction between these factors confers a complexity on the lodging process, Baker et al. (1998) envisage that the influence of them on the lodging risk is through their ability to alter crop structure.

These are the strategies implemented in Lodging:

• Root_Diameter
• Wall Thickness
• Stem_Radius
• Estimate_Gust_velocity
• Lodging probability
• Soil Strength
• Root Failure moment
• Stem Failure moment
• Baker/Acutis's approach

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