The number of expanding leaves (EXPLF) is derived from the total number of leaves (TNLF) and the number of fully expanded leaves in a tiller (TOTEXPLF). The leaf expansion is inhibited according to two factors: (i) maximum leaf area is achieved, or (ii) a maximum number of leaves simultaneously expanding at each time-step (i.e., 5, Jones, 2012).

The number of dead leaves per tiller is calculated distinguishing the primary (i.e., oldest) tiller from the following ones.

For the primary tiller:

where the subscript 1 identifies the primary tiller cohort.

For the following tillers, a self-shading effect due to the primary tiller cohort is taken into account:

where LODGE_LI is the light intercepted including possible lodging effect.

The number of green leaves (NGLF) on a tiller is then estimated by subtracting the number of dead leaves (DEADLF) to the number of expanding and totally expanded leaves.

The total leaf area index (LAI, m2 m-2) and the green leaf area index (GLAI, m2 m-2) are then calculated:

where NTC and NTCalive are the number of all and alive tiller cohorts, respectively; TNLF is the total number of leaves on a tiller, and GNLF is the number of green leaves on a tiller; Ai is the area of the i-the leaf (cm2); NTR is the number of tillers represented.

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